Korea’s Entry into the Expanding European International Society: From the Treaty System to the Japanese Annexation

Abstract

This article examines Korea's transition from a Sino-centric international society to its annexation by Japan in 1910, highlighting the injustices faced by the Korean people and the Joseon dynasty as a sovereign state. The study provides a historical context to understand Korea's struggle for justice within twentieth-century world politics. It begins by exploring the characteristics of the Sino-centric international society, centered around China, and its transformation under the influence of expanding European international society, characterized by institutions like sovereignty, diplomacy, and international law. The article critically analyzes the interactions between the East Asian and European systems, revealing how the European system's expansion marginalized Korea's voice and autonomy. It discusses the ideological and political dynamics of the Sino-centric tributary system and how the West-centric view overshadowed Korea's demand for justice. The study further delves into the geopolitical tensions between Qing China and Japan, examining how Korea's aspirations for sovereignty were compromised amidst regional power struggles and the imposition of European international norms, culminating in Korea's annexation by Japan. The article aims to shed light on Korea's historical struggle for justice, emphasizing the broader implications of international societal changes on weaker states.